The Incas believed Cusco, the heart of their empire, was the center of the universe, often calling it “the navel of the world.” At the very heart of the city lies the Plaza de Armas of Cusco, or Cusco’s main square. Join us as we explore this iconic square’s rich history and significance for both ancient Incas and modern-day Cusqueños. We’ll also uncover the exciting activities you can enjoy around this historic hub.
Plaza de Armas through the time
Chroniclers tell us that the area where the Plaza de Armas of Cusco sits today was important even before the great Inca culture emerged. Its significance grew with Inca Manco Cápac, who began building the Colcampata Palace between the hills formed by the Saphy and Tullumayo rivers. This marked the start of what would become Cusco’s main square.
The Transformation of the Plaza
According to archaeologists, millions of years ago the Cusco area was a lagoon that they called Morkill. So, when the Incas arrived in Cusco, they settled near a swamp in the future Plaza de Armas area. This swamp was a remnant of the ancient lagoon, and later it became the source for rivers you can still see in the city.
Efforts began to drain the swamp to prepare for the future Inca palaces. Inca Sinchi Roca, Manco Cápac’s son and successor, helped by filling the swamp with mountain soil. Later, Inca Pachacútec completed the drainage by adding stone and sand. This work set the stage for the plaza to become a central hub of the Inca Empire.
A Center of Power in the Inca Empire
During the Inca Empire, Plaza de Armas’s origins date back to the 15th century, during the reign of the Inca Pachacutec. Pachacutec, a visionary leader, transformed Cusco from a modest settlement into the grand capital of the Inca Empire.
At the heart of this change was the plaza, originally known as Huacaypata, which means “Place of Crying” or “Place of Rituals” in the Quechua language. The Huacaypata was more than just a public square—it was the spiritual and political nucleus of the empire.
This expansive space was used for important ceremonies, festivals, and military parades. The Incas celebrated the Inti Raymi, or Festival of the Sun, here, an annual event honoring Inti, their sun god. Thousands would gather in the plaza to see offerings, dances, and rituals.
The plaza was also the hub for trade and the meeting point of the Tahuantinsuyo Empire’s four “suyos,” and it also was the starting point for the majestic engineering inca path network, the “Qhapaq Ñan.”
The Spaniard’s Arrival and Transformation
In 1533, the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro marked a turning point for Cusco and its Plaza de Armas. Recognizing the strategic and symbolic importance of the square, the Spaniards made it the center of their new colonial city.
The Spanish repurposed the plaza’s Inca structures for colonial buildings. One of the most remarkable changes was the building of the Cusco Cathedral on the former site of Viracocha Inca’s palace. Completed in the early 17th century, this beautiful cathedral stands as a lasting symbol of Spanish influence.
Another impressive addition is the Church of the Society of Jesus (Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús). This lovely Baroque church was built where an Inca temple once stood. The Jesuits and the cathedral’s clergy had a friendly rivalry over the church’s design. The plaza also saw important historical moments. In 1781, Túpac Amaru II, who led an indigenous uprising against Spanish rule, faced execution here.
Architectural Highlights
Today, the Plaza de Armas is a harmonious blend of Inca foundations and Spanish colonial architecture, offering visitors a glimpse into Cusco’s layered history.
Cusco Cathedral
The centerpiece of the plaza, the cathedral, is a stunning example of colonial architecture with a rich interior adorned with gold, silver, and exquisite artwork. Don’t miss the Last Supper painting by Marcos Zapata, which features a distinctly Andean twist: a guinea pig as the main dish!
Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús
This church boasts a grand façade and an interior rich in gold leaf and intricate wood carvings. Climbing to the church’s upper levels offers breathtaking views of the plaza and surrounding mountains.
Colonial Arcades
Surrounding the plaza are arcades filled with shops, restaurants, and cafes, many housed in buildings with centuries-old balconies and arches. These structures reflect the Spanish colonial style while retaining a distinctly Cusqueñan charm.
The Inca Fountain
This beautiful fountain located right in the middle of the square has the statue of the most important Inca Emperor of all: Pachacutec. This fountain is the favorite spot of many visitors who want to take a picture in the square
The Plaza Today: A Living Legacy
The Plaza de Armas is not just a relic of history—it’s a vibrant and dynamic space where the past and present coexist seamlessly. Whether you’re a history buff, a foodie, or simply a traveler soaking in the atmosphere, there’s something for everyone here.
Festivals and Events: The plaza remains a hub of celebration and tradition. Inti Raymi festivals today reenact ancient Inca ceremonies. Religious processions, like Corpus Christi, bring the city’s colonial past to life. During these events, the square bursts with color, music, and dance, offering an unforgettable experience.
Dining and Shopping: The plaza has restaurants with Peruvian dishes, like ceviche, alpaca steak,cuy, and international cuisine. Shops and street vendors sell everything. They have alpaca wool garments and intricate handicrafts, perfect for souvenirs.
Nighttime Magic: As night falls, the plaza transforms into a glowing wonderland. The colonial buildings light up, casting their reflections on the cobblestone streets. It’s a magical sight that captivates both locals and visitors.
Planning Your Visit
Visiting the Plaza de Armas is a highlight of any trip to Cusco. Here are some tips to make the most of your experience:
Start Early: Begin your day at the plaza to enjoy its serene atmosphere before the crowds arrive. You can get to the plaza from the airport in 15 minutes by car, or 10 minutes from the bus terminal. Make sure to bargain the fee before you ride in.
Take a Guided Tour: To truly appreciate the history and architecture, consider joining a guided tour. Knowledgeable guides can bring the stories of the plaza to life.
Stay Nearby: Staying in a hotel or guesthouse near the plaza allows you to experience its charm day and night. Take a look at our guide to where to stay in Cusco.
Explore Beyond the Plaza: Use the plaza as your starting point. From there, visit other Cusco attractions, like the Qorikancha, Sacsayhuamán, and San Blas.
Take a Guided Tour: To truly appreciate the history and architecture, consider joining a guided tour. Knowledgeable guides can bring the stories of the plaza to life. Viagens Machu Picchu can help you out with your tours to the Plaza, Cusco, and more.
Conclusion
The Plaza de Armas is a living testament to the great legacy Cusco has. Although hundreds of years have passed, this beautiful square still has charm thanks to its majestic buildings and rich history. In your visit to Peru, you certainly must visit Cusco and wander around this plaza.
To learn more about Cusco, its mysteries and traditions, or know more about Peruvian culture, stay tuned to our blog. Keep in mind that Viagens Machu Picchu can help you out on your trip to Peru and the Andean city. Feel free to contact us so we can give you info about our tours, packages, and deals. Don’t wait too much longer, Cusco and Peru are waiting for you!
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