In the beautiful Peruvian Andes, you’ll find that Cusco, one of Peru’s most ancient cities resembles a puma, a powerful protector of the mountains and valleys. While the puma’s shape might not be visible from the streets, its captivating history enchants many visitors.
Cusco is a city full of rich history, vibrant culture, and amazing architecture. Known as the ancient capital of the Inca Empire, Cusco holds a special spot in the hearts of both Peruvians and travelers. So, in this article, we invite you to discover the historical and cultural importance of Cusco’s design.
We will explore its connection to the Puma and share some key landmarks that make this city a must-see for anyone traveling in the area. Without further ado, let’s get into it.
The puma in Inca mythology
According to Inca or Andean cosmovision, the puma was more than just an animal; it was a sacred symbol representing strength, intelligence, and protection. The puma was part of their tripartite worldview, which included:
Ukhu Pacha (the underworld), symbolized by the serpent.
Kay Pacha (the earthly realm), symbolized by the puma.
Hanan Pacha (the upper world), symbolized by the condor.
The puma’s association with Kay Pacha made it central to the Incas’ understanding of their earthly existence. Consequently, the Incas shaped Cusco to resemble a puma. This gave their capital symbolic power and aligned it with their spiritual beliefs showing their reverence for this creature.
Cusco’s Puma Shape: A Masterpiece of Urban Planning
Archaeologists and historians have long marveled at the ingenuity of Cusco’s city planning. Cusco’s puma-shaped idea comes from the vision of the Inca Emperor Pachacutec, probably the most influential and important emperor of Inca history.
Pachacútec designed the city to support farming and religion, which harmonized with the natural landscape. As we said before, the puma shape symbolizes reflects qualities like patience and strength. These traits resonated with Pachacútec’s leadership.
Later, this Inca monarch worked with his son, Túpac Yupanqui, to unite the Inca Empire. They strengthened ties with neighboring tribes and ensured stability. Now, let’s see how Pachacutec distributed Cusco to resemble a Puma:
The Head
Sacsayhuamán Fortress, located on a hill overlooking Cusco, is considered the puma’s head. This massive structure, built with precision-cut stones, exemplifies Inca engineering. Its zigzag walls are thought to resemble the puma’s teeth, emphasizing its fierce and protective nature.
The Body
The puma’s body and heart are both located in Cusco’s historic center. But how do we know exactly where the body is? The body is segmented by two rivers in Cusco: the Tullumayo and the Saphy. Although these rivers are now underground, their original names remain in use in Cusco’s most historic streets.
The main square, Plaza de Armas, and the surrounding streets form the animal’s torso, and the buildings and streets are tightly packed. It’s curious to notice that Cusco was organized in two halves: “Hanan Cusco” or the upper part, and Hurin Cusco, the low part. In turn, each half was divided into two, so each quarter was related to one of the four regions of the empire.
The Tail
The Puma’s tail aligns with “Pumaqchupan” Street, which actually means puma’s tail in the Quechua language. As we said before, the two rivers were essential to see the shape. Another street, “Pumacurco” serves as the puma’s spine.
But, what does pumacurco mean? You’re right it means Puma’s spine. Cusco shows how the Incas had a closer and stronger relationship with nature, reflecting their skill in merging urban planning with the landscape.
Key Landmarks in the Shape of the Puma
Sacsayhuamán
This marked the puma’s head, and Sacsayhuaman is a must-visit site. Its massive stones, some weighing over 100 tons, were meticulously cut and fit together without mortar. This fortress was a military and ceremonial center. At the current time, it offers panoramic views of Cusco and the surrounding valleys.
Coricancha (Temple of the Sun)
Located near the puma’s body; Coricancha was the most important temple in the Inca Empire. Dedicated to Inti, the sun god, its walls were once covered in gold. Today, the remnants of the temple are integrated into the Santo Domingo Church, showcasing the layers of Cusco’s history.
Pumachupan & Pumacurco Streets
As the tail and the spine of the puma respectively, these streets are lesser-known but equally significant. Its narrow space and cobblestone streets make it fascinating. When in Cusco, we invite you to wander around these legendary and ancient streets.
Plaza de Armas
In Inca times, it was called “Hawkaypata,” This central square, was the heart of Inca Cusco and remains the city’s focal point today. Surrounded by colonial-era churches and vibrant shops, it is a hub of activity and culture. Historically, it marked the puma’s chest, symbolizing its vitality.
In Inca mythology, Cusco was the heart of the universe, and Hawkaypata was its core. This expansive area honored the creator god Wiracocha and served as an important site for rituals and ceremonies. From here, the four main roads of the Qhapaq Ñan, the Inca road system, branched out to connect the Empire’s four regions.
Cusco Today: A Vibrant City with Ancient Roots
Cusco has expanded beyond its original borders, but it still holds onto its historical charm. Walking its cobblestone streets, you feel the history. You see a blend of modern life and ancient traditions.
Cultural Heritage Festivals like Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun) celebrate Inca traditions and keep them alive. These events not only honor the city’s rich past but also allow visitors to dive into the local culture.
Tourism and Preservation Being a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Cusco attracts millions of visitors each year. Preserving its historic sites will let future generations enjoy the city’s unique design and culture.
Cusco is the gateway to Machu Picchu. This fact is a key starting point for travelers exploring the Sacred Valley and other Inca sites.
The Legacy of the Puma Shape
Cusco’s puma-shaped design shows the Incas’ skill in urban planning. It reflects their bond with nature and spirituality. This design is not only meaningful but also practical. For example, the way rivers and streets are aligned helps manage water flow and reduce flooding.
Additionally, Sacsayhuamán’s elevated position offers natural protection from invaders. This shape reflects the Incas’ holistic view. They saw a connection between the physical, spiritual, and natural worlds. By weaving these ideas into their capital, the Incas created a legacy that still inspires wonder today.
Conclusion
Cusco’s puma design is not just an interesting fact; it reflects the creativity, spirituality, and vision of the Inca civilization. Each part of this ancient city tells a story. It is one of connection—to nature, to the divine, and to its former people.
For those seeking history, culture, and stunning architecture, Cusco offers an unforgettable journey. As you explore its streets and admire its landmarks, you will appreciate the Incas’ deep wisdom. They saw their capital as a living symbol of their world.
Experience the magic of Cusco—a city shaped like a puma, with Viagens Machu Picchu. We’re a reputable travel agency that operates Peru and its destinations. Contact us to get more information about our tours, packages, and deals! Cusco and its wonders are waiting for you!
Viagens Machu Picchu, journeys that inspire, moments that last.